Lipid-lowering

Citrus bergamot is a flavonoid-rich extract of the bergamot orange, sold to lower cholesterol. Several small randomized trials found lower LDL cholesterol. A 2026 meta-analysis of nine trials found modest improvements in blood pressure, glucose and insulin resistance, and rated trial results as inconsistent. A network meta-analysis ranked it among the most effective LDL-lowering nutraceuticals.

Fish oil supplies the two long-chain marine omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. Its best-established effect is on triglycerides: high-quality evidence puts the reduction at roughly 15%, dose-dependently, and prescription formulations at 4 g a day are licensed drugs for severe hypertriglyceridemia. What it does not do is what most people buy it for. A Cochrane review of 79 trials in 112,059 people found little or no effect of EPA and DHA on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality or cardiovascular events, and the three largest modern supplement trials — VITAL, ASCEND and STRENGTH — were all null.

Sobetirome (GC-1) is a thyroid hormone receptor β-preferring agonist studied for lipid disorders and metabolic disease. It reduced fat mass and stimulated subcutaneous white-fat browning in mice, but separate rodent studies found impaired glucose control at lower doses. No published human study demonstrates weight loss from sobetirome.